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70 गाइड · 172 शब्दकोश की प्रविष्टियाँ
Market Basics
How markets actually work: quotes, futures, liquidity, volatility, and the forces that move every price on this site.
अनुभाग हब →What Are Financial Markets?
A financial market is any system where buyers and sellers come together to trade an asset and, in doing so, agree on a price. This site tracks five… · 8 मिनट में पढ़ें
How Market Quotes Work
A market quote is a snapshot of a financial instrument's price at a specific moment, showing not just the last traded price but also the bid, ask… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Spot vs Futures Prices
The price shown on most commodity tables is a futures price — an amount agreed today for delivery of a standardized quantity at a future date — not… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
What Is a Futures Contract?
A futures contract is a legally binding agreement to buy or sell a specific asset — a set quantity, at a set price, on a set future date. Unlike… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Contango and Backwardation
Contango and backwardation describe the shape of a futures curve — the pattern of prices across different delivery dates for the same commodity or… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Market Liquidity, Explained
Market liquidity describes how easily an asset can be bought or sold in meaningful size without pushing its price significantly. A liquid market has… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
What Is Volatility?
Volatility measures how much an asset's price swings over time — not which direction it moves, but how large the typical moves are. Realized… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Risk-On, Risk-Off: How Sentiment Moves Everything
Risk-on, risk-off describes a recurring pattern in financial markets where investor sentiment swings between appetite for reward and demand for… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Reading Price Charts
A price chart is a visual record of what a market paid for something over time — it shows nothing more, nothing less. This guide explains the two… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Day, Week, YTD, YoY: Reading Percentage Moves
The percentage-change columns on a market data table — Day, Week, Month, YTD, and YoY — each measure a different time window and answer a different… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
जिंस
Energy, metals, and agriculture — what each market is, its units and benchmarks, and what drives the price.
अनुभाग हब →Commodities: The Complete Guide
Commodities are raw materials — from crude oil and natural gas to gold, copper, wheat, and coffee — that trade on global exchanges and form the… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Barrels, Bushels and Troy Ounces: Commodity Units
Commodity prices are quoted in units that vary wildly by market: oil trades by the barrel (42 US gallons), gold by the troy ounce (heavier than a… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
What Moves Commodity Prices?
Commodity prices are driven by a recurring set of forces: physical supply and demand, inventory levels, weather, geopolitics, the strength of the US… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Crude Oil: WTI, Brent and What Moves Them
Crude oil is traded in two main global benchmarks: WTI (West Texas Intermediate), delivered at Cushing, Oklahoma, and Brent, sourced from the North… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Natural Gas: Henry Hub, TTF and Seasonality
Natural gas prices are quoted in two main regional benchmarks: Henry Hub in the United States (priced in dollars per MMBtu) and TTF in Europe (priced… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Gold: Why It Moves and Why It Matters
Gold is a commodity priced per troy ounce that traders and investors have historically used as a store of value and a hedge against uncertainty. Its… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Silver, Platinum and Palladium
Silver, platinum, and palladium are precious metals traded in troy ounces, each with a dual identity: part financial asset, part industrial raw… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Base Metals: Copper, Aluminum and Friends
Base metals are industrially essential metals — copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, tin, and lead — traded primarily on the London Metal Exchange (LME)… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Agricultural Commodities: Grains, Softs and Livestock
Agricultural commodities cover three broad families: grains and oilseeds (corn, wheat, soybeans), soft commodities (coffee, sugar, cocoa, cotton)… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Lithium, Uranium and the Energy-Transition Metals
Lithium, cobalt, nickel, uranium, and rare-earth elements are the raw materials that power batteries, nuclear reactors, and electric motors at the… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Currencies & FX
The foreign-exchange market: pairs and pips, central banks, pegs and regimes, and what moves exchange rates.
अनुभाग हब →The Forex Market: The Complete Guide
The foreign exchange (forex) market is the largest financial market in the world, where currencies are bought and sold in pairs around the clock… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Currency Pairs: Base, Quote and What EURUSD Means
A currency pair shows how much of one currency it takes to buy another. In any pair, the currency listed first is the base currency and the currency… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Pips, Spreads and Reading an FX Quote
An FX quote shows two prices — the bid (what a dealer buys at) and the ask (what they sell at) — and the tiny gap between them, called the spread, is… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
What Moves Exchange Rates?
Exchange rates move because of five main forces: interest-rate differences between countries, inflation gaps, trade and current-account balances… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Central Banks and Currencies
Central banks move currency values through three main tools: interest-rate decisions, quantitative easing or tightening, and direct intervention in… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
The US Dollar Index (DXY)
The US Dollar Index, known by its ticker DXY, measures the value of the US dollar against a basket of six major currencies, with the euro making up… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Safe-Haven Currencies: Dollar, Yen and Franc
Safe-haven currencies are currencies that traders historically seek out during periods of global stress because they are seen as reliable stores of… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Emerging-Market Currencies
Emerging-market currencies are the money of developing economies — think the Brazilian real, Turkish lira, South African rand, or Indian rupee. They… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
The Carry Trade, Explained
The carry trade is a strategy where traders borrow money in a low-interest-rate currency, convert it into a higher-interest-rate currency, and earn… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Currency Pegs, Regimes and Crises
A currency regime is the set of rules a government or central bank uses to manage its exchange rate — from a completely free float to a hard peg… · 8 मिनट में पढ़ें
क्रिप्टो
Bitcoin, Ethereum, stablecoins, and the mechanics of a market that never closes.
अनुभाग हब →Cryptocurrency: The Complete Guide
Cryptocurrency is a category of digital assets that live on public blockchains — decentralized networks with no central issuer, no government… · 8 मिनट में पढ़ें
What Is a Blockchain?
A blockchain is a shared digital ledger that records transactions in batches called blocks, with each block cryptographically linked to the one… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Bitcoin: Supply, Halvings and Mining
Bitcoin is a digital currency with a hard cap of 21 million coins, enforced by its code and secured by a global network of computers called miners.… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Ethereum and Smart Contracts
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain that runs self-executing code called smart contracts, allowing developers to build applications directly on a… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Stablecoins: Crypto's Dollars
A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency designed to hold a fixed value — almost always one US dollar — by backing each token with reserves, collateral, or a… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Altcoins, Tokens and Coins: What's the Difference?
An altcoin is any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin, while a coin is native to its own blockchain and a token is issued on top of someone else's… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Crypto Market Cap and Dominance
Crypto market cap is the price of a coin multiplied by its circulating supply — the number of coins actually available to trade right now. It is the… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Exchanges, Wallets and Custody
Crypto exchanges are platforms where buyers and sellers trade digital assets, and they come in two main forms: centralized exchanges (CEXs), run by… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
DeFi: Lending, DEXs and Yield
DeFi, short for decentralized finance, refers to financial services — lending, borrowing, trading, and earning yield — that run on self-executing… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Crypto Volatility and Market Cycles
Cryptocurrency markets are historically far more volatile than stocks, bonds, or most commodities, swinging 50–90% in either direction within a… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Stocks & Indexes
Indexes, earnings, sectors, dividends, and valuation — how equity markets are measured and read.
अनुभाग हब →Stock Indexes: The Complete Guide
A stock index compresses an entire market — sometimes hundreds or thousands of companies — into a single number, letting investors and economists… · 8 मिनट में पढ़ें
How Stock Markets Work
A stock is a slice of ownership in a company, and a stock market is the continuous auction where buyers and sellers agree on a price for those slices… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Price-Weighted vs Cap-Weighted Indexes
Index weighting determines how much each stock influences an index's daily moves. Price-weighted indexes like the Dow Jones Industrial Average give… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Global Stock Markets: A Tour
Global stock markets follow the sun, opening in Asia, then Europe, then the Americas, with each session picking up sentiment from the one before.… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Earnings Season, Explained
Earnings season happens four times a year when publicly traded companies report their quarterly financial results, including earnings per share and… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Dividends: Yield, Dates and What They Signal
A dividend is a cash payment a company makes to its shareholders, usually expressed as a yield — the annual dividend divided by the current share… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Stock Splits and IPOs
A stock split divides existing shares into more pieces at a lower price each, leaving the company's total value unchanged — more shares, same pie. An… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Stock Sectors: Cyclicals, Defensives and the Map
Stock sectors divide the market into eleven industry families — from technology and financials to utilities and real estate — so investors and… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Valuation Basics: P/E, EPS and Market Cap
Valuation basics in stocks come down to three numbers: market cap (what the whole company is worth at today's price), earnings per share (the profit… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Bull Markets, Bear Markets and Corrections
A bull market is a sustained rise of 20% or more from a recent low; a bear market is a decline of 20% or more from a recent peak; and a correction is… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Bonds & Rates
Government yields, the curve, credit spreads, and how central banks move fixed income.
अनुभाग हब →The Bond Market: The Complete Guide
The bond market is where governments, companies, and other institutions borrow money by issuing tradable loans called bonds. Each bond carries a face… · 8 मिनट में पढ़ें
Why Bond Prices and Yields Move Opposite
Bond prices and yields move in opposite directions because a bond pays a fixed coupon — when new bonds are issued at higher interest rates, older… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Government Bond Yields: The 10-Year Benchmark
A government bond yield is the annual return a lender earns for holding a country's debt, expressed as a percentage of the bond's price. The 10-year… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
The Yield Curve, Explained
The yield curve is a line that plots interest rates (called yields) on government bonds of different maturities — from a few months out to 30 years —… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Yield-Curve Inversion: The Famous Recession Signal
The yield curve inverts when short-term government bond yields rise above long-term yields — the opposite of the normal pattern. The most-watched… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Duration: A Bond's Interest-Rate Sensitivity
Duration measures how sensitive a bond's price is to changes in interest rates — roughly, a bond with a duration of 7 will lose about 7% of its value… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Credit Ratings and Spreads
A credit rating is a letter-grade assessment of how likely a borrower is to repay its debt, running from the top-tier AAA down through… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Corporate vs Government Bonds
Corporate bonds are debt issued by companies; government bonds are debt issued by national governments. The key difference is credit risk… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
How Government Bond Auctions Work
A government bond auction is the process by which a treasury or finance ministry sells newly issued bonds directly to investors, creating debt for… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
QE, QT and How Central Banks Move Bonds
Central banks move bond markets through two main tools: the policy rate, which sets overnight borrowing costs, and the balance sheet, which they… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें
Economic Indicators
GDP, inflation, jobs, PMIs, and how to read the economic calendar like a pro.
अनुभाग हब →Economic Indicators: The Complete Guide
Economic indicators are official statistics — GDP, inflation, jobs reports, PMI surveys, and more — that measure the health and direction of an… · 8 मिनट में पढ़ें
GDP: How Growth Is Measured
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total value of all goods and services produced inside a country's borders in a given period. It is reported in… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Inflation and CPI: How Prices Are Measured
Inflation is the rate at which prices across an economy rise over time, and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the most widely watched way to measure… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Jobs Data: Payrolls, Unemployment and Participation
US jobs data — released every first Friday of the month — measures how many jobs the economy added or lost, what share of people are unemployed, and… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Interest-Rate Decisions: How Central Banks Move Markets
A central bank interest-rate decision sets the "policy rate" — the baseline cost of borrowing money in an economy — and every financial market, from… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
PMI Surveys: The 50 Line
A PMI (Purchasing Managers' Index) is a monthly survey that asks company purchasing managers whether business conditions improved, stayed the same… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
How to Read the Economic Calendar
The economic calendar lists scheduled data releases — like jobs reports, inflation figures, and central bank decisions — along with three numbers… · 9 मिनट में पढ़ें
Trade Balance and Current Account
The trade balance is the difference between what a country exports and what it imports — when exports exceed imports, the country runs a surplus… · 5 मिनट में पढ़ें
Housing Data: Starts, Permits and Prices
Housing data tracks the construction and sale of homes through a chain of reports — building permits, housing starts, completions, and price indexes… · 6 मिनट में पढ़ें
Confidence Surveys and Retail Sales
Retail sales measure how much consumers actually spent at stores and online in a given month, making them one of the most direct reads on economic… · 7 मिनट में पढ़ें